The Soul of Shakuhachi

An Introduction by Daishihan Josen

Josen shakuhachi daishihan grandmaster craftsperson teacher Zen practitioner

Shakuhachi — The Profound Path of the Japanese Bamboo Flute

More than a musical instrument, the shakuhachi is a path of profound discovery. Alone among Japan’s melodic instruments, it holds a deep, historical connection to meditation, spirituality, and self-cultivation. While its legacy was famously shaped by the Samurai-turned-Komuso monks of the Edo period (1603–1867), its roots stretch even further back, to the ancient Chinese chi ba (尺八) or Xiao (箫).

Shakuhachi diagram: A - utaguchi 歌口 'song mouth' or blowing edge and chin rest area. Finger-holes: 一 ichi 1, 二 ni 2, 三 san 3, 四 shi/yon 4, 五 go 5th thumb hole on back. B - the first node. C - root end and bottom opening which voices Ro ロ or the fundamental/tonic/key, i.e., the lowest/deepest note of the shakuhachi.
From right: A – utaguchi 歌口 ‘song mouth’ or blowing edge | B – the first node | C – root end | finger-holes (5th is on the back)

In its form, the shakuhachi is a vertical, end-blown flute. Its five finger-holes are tuned to the minor pentatonic scale — one of the world’s most universal musical modes. This design is one of profound simplicity, yet its expressive range is vast enough to capture every nuance of breath and spirit.

The crafting of a shakuhachi is an art in itself. As a maker, I work almost exclusively with madaké bamboo, collaborating with nature to breathe life into each instrument. Because no two pieces of bamboo are alike, every flute is born with its own unique voice and spirit, a singular creation waiting for its player.

The Voice Within the Name

The very word “shakuhachi” whispers its identity. A shaku (尺) is an ancient Japanese measure of length (about 30.3 cm or 11.9 inches), and hachi (八) means eight. The name is a poetic abbreviation for ichi-shaku hachi-sun, or “one foot and eight tenths,” describing the standard length of approximately 54.5 cm. This classic 1.8 shakuhachi is so fundamental that its name has become the umbrella term for all sizes of this incredible flute.

As for pitch, the length of a shakuhachi instrument dictates its fundamental voice. A longer flute, such as a 2.4, sings with a deeper, more resonant pitch than a shorter 1.8. The five finger-holes are meticulously tuned to harmonize with Ro, the foundational note.

An Elegant Design, An Infinite Sound

Playing shakuhachi in front of giant Madaké bamboo, 2010
Playing shakuhachi in front of giant Madaké bamboo, 2010

In the hands of a skilled player, the shakuhachi flute reveals its astonishing sonic flexibility. It’s a masterpiece of minimalist design, yet it’s far from simplistic. Unlike modern silver flutes, the shakuhachi has no complex system of keys. Instead, its five large, open finger-holes invite a deep, tactile connection. They allow for subtle microtonality, chromatic expressions, and dynamic embellishments that define its sound.

There’s no fixed mouthpiece to guide the breath. Instead, only the utaguchi, a deceptively simple angled cut at the top which forms the sharp blowing edge. While this design demands greater skill to play, it offers boundless freedom to explore the sound. Through the subtle shaping of our embouchure, and the careful modulation of our breath, we sculpt of each note a landscape. By altering the distance between our lips and the utaguchi, we can bend and shade the pitch. In so doing, we can summon an entire universe of sound from its minimalist form.

An Odyssey Through Time

Left and Middle: Oldest shakuhachi in Japan, 8th c. 'above root' bamboo, Shoso-in, Nara. Right: Ikkyu Sojun's 'above root' shakuhachi, mid 1400's.
Left and Middle: Oldest shakuhachi in Japan, 8th c. ‘above root’ bamboo, Shoso-in, Nara. Right: Ikkyu Sojun’s ‘above root’ shakuhachi, mid 1400’s.

The shakuhachi flute first journeyed from China to Japan during the Nara period (710-794 AD). There, it became part of the imperial court music ensemble, Gagaku (雅楽). However, these early flutes were often shorter at 1.08 shaku. Additionally, they were crafted not from the root end of the bamboo, but from its upper stalk.

Apparently, it wasn’t until the 17th century that artisans in Japan had begun to utilize the root end. Quite possibly, they were inspired by the root end Nan Xiao flutes of Southern China. In any event, this pivotal evolution gave the shakuhachi the depth, power, and organic beauty we cherish today.

Madaké Bamboo — The Body of the Shakuhachi Sound

Harvesting Madaké bamboo sub. var. 'Green stripe' for flutes (note the giant Moso bamboo behind me), 2010
Harvesting Madaké bamboo sub. var. ‘Green stripe’ (note the giant Moso bamboo behind me), 2010

Like the instrument itself, Madaké (真竹) bamboo is a gift from China, first imported to Japan over a millennium ago. For centuries, artisans have chosen this specific bamboo to craft shakuhachi musical instruments. We value it for its strength, straightness, and ideal node spacing for finger-holes.

Most importantly, the first meter of the stalk possesses a natural inner taper. This taper is a crucial element for achieving the shakuhachi sound and feeling. In my experience, the greatest gift of Madaké is its infinite variety — the myriad voices of nature it holds within. These voices are expressed in Jinashi and Jimori style shakuhachi musical instruments. This is why I craft them, to honor and preserve the natural bore of the bamboo.

The Komuso — Monks of the Unformed No-thingness

Practicing formal shakuhachi Takuhatsu Komuso alms begging in Asheville, NC, June 4, 2012 (photo by Steve Shanafelt)
Practicing formal shakuhachi Takuhatsu Komuso alms begging in Asheville, NC, June 4, 2012 (photo by Steve Shanafelt)

During the Edo period, a unique society of shakuhachi players known as the Komuso (虚無僧) emerged. These were former Samurai, many of them masterless Ronin, some of whom seeking a path of spiritual mendicancy. It was these Komuso who profoundly shaped the destiny of the shakuhachi. Within Japan, they popularized the now-iconic root end design.

Most importantly, they composed the largest body of solo flute music in the world: the Honkyoku (本曲). These compositions aren’t merely music, they can be sonic meditations, pathways to enlightenment as much as any others. Across Japan, distinct regional Honkyoku styles developed, each a different dialect of the spirit.

The Shakuhachi in Our Time

Shakuhachi featured in Ghost of Tsushima, a 2020 action-adventure game by Sucker Punch Productions, published by Sony Interactive Entertainment

Today, the voice of the shakuhachi musical instrument is finding its way into the hearts of people the world over. This global awareness is thanks to dedicated teachers and practitioners, but also to its growing presence in popular culture. From manga and anime to the immersive world of video games. Perhaps none are so famous as Ghost of Tsushima which beautifully integrated the shakuhachi into its gameplay and soundtrack.

A Living Tradition

The story of the shakuhachi is a testament to resilience, simplicity, and depth. Through centuries of war, change, and cultural shifts, its players — monks, makers, students — have kept its voice alive.

Every time we lift shakuhachi to our lips, we join that lineage.
Even when no sound comes, we’re already on the path.